If I were to say that my latest read was about political intrigue, bribery, embezzlement and power you might think it was an historical novel about the results of familial infighting amongst a ruling family in some far away country.
And you'd be wrong.
This book is about political intrigue, bribery, embezzlement and power within the governing body of a sport. And not just any sport. THE sport. The biggest in the world. Football (soccer for the unenlightened).
Better known as The Beautiful Game, its governance began in some English tavern mostly to codify a common set of rules, mid 19th century. As the game spread to more countries, an organization was set up to arrange matches between nations, early 20th century. The birth of FIFA, the Federation Internationale de Football Associations.
The early years, FIFA was a small-time operation run from a 2-room office in Paris with just a couple employees. As the game started to spread beyond its European base (and to deal with the hangover post WWI), FIFA moved to neutral, and tax friendly Switzerland and set up shop in Zurich. By now, South American countries were members, and then Central America. Asia wanted in. Africa, too.
FIFA had moved beyond simply facilitating matches between countries. They started a small tournament in the mid 1930s. Held in in Uruguay (with England being noticeably absent; they'd gotten their stiff upper lip a bit too stiff and pulled out in a huff). FIFA held another tournament four years later. In Italy. Then WWII got in the way, but after the war, the tournament returned, in part as a way to use sport as a means to welcome Germany back into the sporting fold.
Management had to this time been mostly adherent to the Olympic ideal of amateurism, but with new Presidents comes new ideas, including the use of professionals that now dominated play in Europe. Most presidents held the office for 1-2 years, save for the 33 years of Jules Rimet of France (the World Cup trophy is named in his honor) who moved FIFA into being a truly international governing body. The next long timer was Sir Stanley Rous (ENG) who sat at the head of FIFA for 12 years. Interesting that from it's beginning (1904) to the end of Rous' tenure (1974), FIFA had eight presidents. Since 1974, FIFA has had just three presidents: Joao Havelange (1974-1998), Joseph Blatter (1998-2015) and Gianni Infantino (2016-present; there was also a 4-month interim president between Blatter and Infantino).
Where FIFA started to go off the rails was near then end of Rous' presidency. Havelange was a Brazilian businessman, mostly in shipping (of all things legal and illegal) who had risen up in the Brazilian football hierarchy and 'carefully' managed to win enough votes to win the Presidency beginning right after the hugely popular and highly regarded 1974 World Cup won by GER over NED in a game that featured two of the game's defining players then and for decades to come: Johan Cryuff (NED) and Franz Beckenhauer (GER).
But first, FIFA had to get past the next World Cup in Argentina and its ruling military junta (ARG was awarded the 1978 World Cup before the military coup). This Cup was were the money started to become a big deal, and apparently the military took a big chunk.
Then Spain (1982) all the way to 2022 in Qatar. The suits at FIFA became less lovers of football and more about business. You see, Havelange had made a lot of promises to the smaller countries (for their vote - FIFA presidents are elected as 1 member 1 vote) and he needed money to fulfill those promises. Corporate sponsors were courted (the first mega sponsor was Coca Cola; today sponsors include, KIA, Hyandai, VISA, Qatar Air, Adidas, and a few others). TV came running . . . with money . . . lots of money. In the last World Cup (2018 Russia), FIFA banked something like $4 billion. But despite the TV, sponsor money, etc. the real behind-the-scenes manipulator was Adidas who has been tied at the hip to FIFA since the company was born. The things they did will curl your hair.
Havelange may not have started the graft most people associate with FIFA, but he sure seemed to have refined the process. Even had a protege to carry on his legacy. Joseph Blater (SUI), his Secretary General, won election in 1998 and stayed in office until he was summarily booted out in 2015 when the extent of corruption was spelled out.
You see, FIFA was about power (are you surprised?). It was about money (still surprised?). Influence was mightily peddled ('vote for me and I'll make sure you or your federation or your wife or your bratty kid gets some sweet deals'). Not all of that was done by Havelange or Blatter. Some was by their subordinates or other hanger's on wanting to climb FIFA's ladder.
Lest you think it was just those two. It was widespread amongst national federation presidents and club presidents. Confederation management (FIFA's membership is divided into 6 geographic confederations - The US is in CONCACAF - from Canada to Panama and all those teeny islands). For example, the longtime president of CONCACAF (Jack Warner of Trinidad) would throw his political weight around by delivering all 41 votes as he convinced all the members that each would get more $$$ if they voted as a block. When Warner was kicked out of football, he was best described as a 'gangster.' His #2, Chuck Blazer (USA) was just as bad and when the US DOJ was set to arrest him in a money laundering scheme, he rolled over and wore a wire and the results showed the extent of widespread bribery and vote-buying amongst the FIFA members. Some of the worst instances were for those involved in site selection of future World Cups
FIFAs House of Cards started tumbling down. Started with the arrest of nine individuals attending the FIFA annual meeting in Zurich (2015). The the convoluted tentacles of corruption pulled down the then president of UEFA (the European confederation) and continues to investigate Franz Beckanbauer (for his role in helping Germany getting the votes to host the 2006 World Cup and other voting issues). Not to mention just how the hell did tiny (but rich) Qatar get the votes needed to host the 2022 World Cup (beating out the USA and ENG bids). Not to mention all the hubbub about their use of foreigners to construct the necessary stadiums in the oppressive Qatari weather. Those an others questions remain under investigation.
In the end, the World Cup will go off without a hitch. Qatar will look like a middle eastern paradise. And somehow, Germany will find a way to win (that's an ENG joke from the late 90s). Blatter is riding off into the sunset accompanied by lawyers whose billings will no doubt be paid in part by money he obtained as president.
Here's the thing. Many of the suits at FIFA and other football administrators still wonder what happened. To them (and those in, especially South America, Asia, and Africa), bribery (whoops, make that 'commissions') are a way of life. A way of doing business. Corporations budget for it. Swiss taxes, for crying out loud, have a line on their tax forms for 'commissions' (wink, wink).
OK now. Full Disclosure here. I worked for FIFA from 2004-2015 in their medical research program (called FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre; F-MARC). That also entailed working in FIFA's educational program doing medical courses around the world, in each of the six confederations. In the grand scheme of FIFAs organizational chart, we were far too low on the food chain to understand what was going on. Conn presents a lot of names of folks that I met in passing. And I was in Zurich in 2015 that fateful day when the Swiss police and the FBI perp-walked the nine men out of one of Zurich's most prestigious hotels. That's when the extent of corruption became headline news. That also made for some interesting dinner conversations the rest of the week.
Like most any massive corporation, insurance company, government, healthcare network, etc. I see no way to trace each dollar in and where it goes out. Any chance that F-MARC's budget benefited from the way FIFA did business? I've no clue and neither did my colleagues. Based on what's present in this book, I suspect that we were exceedingly distant from what the suits were up to. That kind of shit was/is way above my pay grade.
But during and after all that happened, I still get asked if the level of corruption was surprising to me. My response was/is something like, 'given the amount of money and prestige involved in FIFA, I would have been more surprised to find out that there was NO corruption." We in sports medicine never saw it. I'm not in denial. I was just way way way too far removed.
David Conn is a journalist for The Guardian and has reported for years on FIFA's pros and cons.
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